Description of the attraction
The first royal chambers made of stone, which appeared on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin at the beginning of the 17th century, were built by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and named the Terem Palace. The Tsar's Residence The Terem Palace and the Verkhospassky Cathedral, which since 1636 has been part of the complex of house churches of the Russian tsars, are part of the architectural ensemble of the Grand Kremlin Palace.
Grand Ducal Chambers over Borovitsky Hill
The great Moscow princes always settled in a high place. Their residences were built over Borovitsky hill, from where there were magnificent views of the countryside. The first to build a palace on a hill Ivan Kalita … Later, on the edge of Borovitsky Hill, mansions were erected for Sophia Vitovtny, wife of the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Basil I.
At the end of the 15th century Ivan III undertook a global reconstruction of the Kremlin buildings. Under him, the old walls, built of white stone, were torn down, and new, brick ones began to be built. Several new structures were built on the territory of the Kremlin, which are now included in the lists of the most important sights of Moscow. Stone residential buildings also began to be erected at this time, and in the Kremlin, in addition to the Assumption Cathedral, the Faceted Chamber and the Archangel Cathedral, at the end of the 15th century, the buildings of the Tsar's court appeared. Their project belonged to Aleviz Fryazin, an Italian who worked for the great Moscow princes for a long time.
Construction of the Terem Palace
The Time of Troubles, which devastated the Russian land, brought a lot of destruction to Moscow. The Kremlin palace of the sovereign fell into disrepair by 1630 and was actually abandoned. The first king of the Romanov family Mikhail Fedorovich ordered to rebuild new apartments. Subsequently, the royal stone residence was named the Terem Palace.
Architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov and Trefil Sharutin used a lot of new technologies in their work. "Iron ties" allowed them to strengthen the walls, leaving them thin enough. Innovations contributed to an increase in the internal area of the building, which was a very progressive trend in ancient Russian stone architecture.
The walls and foundation remaining from the chambers of Ivan III were taken as the basis for the Terem Palace. Two tiers of the old building were enlarged with three new ones, and a teremok appeared at the very top. The interiors were decorated richly and whimsically. The roof of the chorus was painted with silver paints and gold leaf, the window openings were closed with mica translucent glass, and the walls and ceilings of the chambers were painted by an artel of icon painters, which was led Simon Ushakov - a highly developed and talented artist, technically much ahead of his time.
The new royal mansions looked like a very large and even monumental structure. The architect skillfully combined features of Old Russian classics and elements of Italian architecture:
- The palace is mostly built of bricks, but platbands, portals, parapets and pilasters are made of white stone.
- In the decoration applied traditional techniques of Russian stone architecture - tiled tiles on the eaves of the fourth floor, ornamental stone braids, carved window frames, flys on the parapets of gulbisches, pilasters in the walls between the windows and a gilded ridge on the roof.
- Tier stepped design buildings demonstrates the typical features of mansion buildings erected by ancient Russian architects. However, the inner rooms were located in the form suites, which is typical for the later period of Russian stone architecture.
- The palace was heated by the system ovens … Every stove has been decorated glazed tiles different colors and shapes.
- To the front rooms led The golden porch, which connected the Verkhospasskaya platform and the second floor of the Terem Palace. The entrance, painted with gold, was crowned with a pyramidal tent.
The Terem Palace became one of the buildings of the Tsar's court, which occupied a large territory and included many buildings, including the Faceted and Dining Chambers, Bed mansions of the royal family, Embankment chambers and several house churches.
What to see in the Terem Palace
Each of five floors The Terem Palace had its own purpose. The three lower floors, located on the basements of the 16th century, were used for household needs … In basements and storerooms, supplies and food were stored here, and jewelers, goldsmiths, gunsmiths and lacemakers worked in the workshops.
Royal chambers located on the third and fourth floors. The first premises where the sovereign and members of his family entered were walk-through canopy … They were covered by low arches, and the front was illuminated by paired lancet windows. The walk-through canopy was heated by stoves decorated with tiles. In the living room, the tsar communicated with the boyars and sometimes received foreign ambassadors.
Golden chamber was the most richly decorated room of the royal residence. The walls of the chamber were decorated with gold painting, the vaults were painted with images of the Savior and saints, and the royal throne, which stood in The throne chamber, was covered with velvet. The long box adage was born here. In the Golden or Throne Chamber there was a box where petitions were submitted. Since petitions were considered for a very long time and reluctantly, the box began to be called "long".
Unique painting in the form of ornamental patterns has been preserved on the walls of the room adjacent to the Golden Chamber. He was called pantry and kept dishes and cutlery in it.
V royal bedchamber there is a bed made by skilled woodcarvers and decorated with a natural silk canopy. The royal box was made in the 19th century, when one of the renovations of the residence took place.
On the top floor of the Terem Palace there is a stone attic, which was called Golden-Domed Teremkom … Its roof was covered with gilded sheets, which gave the name to the attic. The sessions of the Boyar Duma were held in the Golden-Domed Mansion. Adjacent to the tower Watch tower, in the windows of which old colored glass has been preserved.
Verkhospassky Cathedral
The complex of house churches of the Moscow Kremlin includes Cathedral of the Image Not Made by Hands, more often called Verkhospassky. The temple was built in the first half of the 17th century and is located above the throne palace chamber on the upper tier of the Terem Palace in its male half. From the north side Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov ordered to build a small adjoining church for Evdokia Lukyanova - his second wife and mother of the prince.
The architects who worked on the project and its implementation were well known in Russia. Bazhen Ogurtsov, who led a team of builders and architects, worked in the Moscow Kremlin for about ten years. He participated in the reconstruction of the Assumption Cathedral, erected a powder warehouse, supervised the construction of an extension in the bell tower of Ivan the Great, but his main creation is called the Terem Palace and the Verkhospassky Cathedral under him.
In the 60s of the 17th century, a refectory, and on the flat roof of the lower chambers - porch, connecting the chambers of the sovereign with the cathedral. At the same time, the facades were painted, five chapters of the temple were gilded, and a few years later the walls inside the church were painted by icon painters led by Simon Ushakov. In 1670, a gilded copper lattice was installed, blocking the staircase from the royal chambers, which led to the cathedral. The temple began to be called Savior behind the Golden Bars.
All the house churches of the Terem Palace were brought under a single roof in 1682. The complex was crowned with eleven chapters with carved crosses. To strengthen the structure, the architects had to build an arch on wide pylons.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the temple was restored and repaired more than once. The reason for starting the next work was most often fires … One of them, Troitsky, damaged the iconostasis and had to be made anew. Large funds for the repair of the Verkhospassky Cathedral were allocated by the maid of honor Matrona Saltykova. Thanks to her, the altar frescoes were restored in the church, new royal doors were made and the iconostasis was covered with frames with silver niello.
V 1812 year the French plundered many churches, and the Verkhospassky Cathedral was among the victims. Fortunately, we managed to evacuate the most valuable church utensils in advance, but a lot had to be restored.
The house church at the Terem Palace was re-painted in 1836 year … The order for the next restoration came from the sovereign Nicholas I … The construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace, which began afterwards, also made some changes to the layout of the Terem Palace and the Verkhospassky Cathedral. The staircase adjacent to the temple was dismantled, the Verkhospasskaya platform was blocked, and the Golden Lattice was inserted into new arched openings. The wall of the refectory facing the west was moved. Now it had three doors, each of which was decorated with decorative grilles stylized as the 17th century.
Damaged by artillery shelling during the armed mutiny of 1917, the corner of the cathedral was restored in 1920, but by that time the temple was already closed and since then there have been no divine services.
The iconostasis of the Savior behind the Golden bars
The author of the iconostasis of the Verkhospassky Cathedral is a cabinetmaker Dmitry Shiryaevwho skillfully carved it out of wood in the 18th century. In the central part of the iconostasis stands out a setting of blackened silver, made in 1778 at the expense of maids of honor Saltykova.
The most valuable icons of the Verkhospassky Cathedral were painted by artists S. Kostromitin and L. Stepanov … They are located in the local lane. Draws particular attention image of the Savior Not Made by Handssurrounded in the margins by twenty separate compositions called hagiographic stamps.
In the side-altar of the cathedral, consecrated in honor of John the Baptist, you can see ancient images painted in the 17th century. The most revered of them are - icons of the Mother of God of Smolensk and St. John the Baptist.
